This simply stunning Maine Coon cat, stunningly photographed by Helmi Flick is a deaf cat. The photograph is copyright Helmi Flick - please respect copyright. The cat is Cathy Betts’ white Maine Coon "Pale Rider," the very first cat that Helmi photographed at her very first show and a portrait that she is still be proud of today. And rightly so, I say.
This post is about one of the causes of a deafness in cats. It's about white fur and deaf cats.
I have already touched on this in these posts:
Odd-eyed Cat
Cat Coats White
But this post has some more detailed information. White fur and deaf cats is about hereditary deafness in cats. The inheritance of pigment genes (the genes that cause white fur) is not the only cause of deafness in cats. And the process of deafness caused by the inheritance of genes that cause white fur is complicated by incomplete penetrance (in which all aspects of "deafness syndrome" are not present). Also environmental factors may play a role to complicate things further.
Certain genes that produce white fur have been identified. They produce white fur by suppressing melanocytes. The picture below is published under Wikimedia® creative commons license license = Attribution-ShareAlike License. User: Arcadian.
Melanocytes are cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis and in the middle layer of the eye (the uvea).....The melanocyte is a cell derived from the neural crest. During embryogenesis, the melanocyte migrates to the epidermis, hair follicles, eye (choroid, ciliary body and iris), inner ear (stria vascularis), and the leptomeninges (medulla)......Through a process called melanogenesis, these cells produce melanin, which is a pigment found in the skin, eyes, and hair. (src: Wikipedia® - this section is a Wikipedia® verbatim copy of a part of a larger article)
So, the genes that produce white fur do this by indirectly suppressing the production of pigmentation that results in colored fur. This can be by way of stopping migration of the cells from the neural crest and/or their maturation on arrival at their destination from the neural crest and/or their survival, once there.
For cats the genes that do this are the dominant allele of the white gene (W) and possibly the piebald gene (S), which is recessive. Both these genes can be modified by other genes, which are yet, as I understand it, to be fully understood.
_____________________________
Cat breeds with the dominant white gene (W):
White
White Cornish Rex
White Scottish Fold
White Devon Rex
European white
White British Shorthair
White Turkish Angora
White Manx
Foreign white
White Exotic Shorthair
White American Wirehair
White Persian
White American Shorthair
White oriental Shorthair
_______________________________
The white pigment gene in cats is autosomal dominant over genes that produce color. It is not related to albinism. Cats that are W gene homozygous are more prone to have blue eyes and deafness. There is a correlation between the number of blue eyes and likelihood of deafness. Although cats that carry the Siamese (CS) dilution pigment gene as well can have blues without deafness. Are purebred cats less oftern deaf that moggies? Apparently, there might be a higher prevalence of white, longhaired cats than the equivalent shorthaired cats. There is no reported deafness with the piebald gene (S) apparently (is this still true?).
When the W gene is expressed strongly deafness appears. The deafness is brought on because the melanocytes in the stria vascularis play a role in maintaining the ionic environment required by the cochlea hair cells in the inner ear. These hair cells are part of the process of translating movement into auditory signals. The stria degenerate. The hair cells die and the cochlea structures collapse. The auditory nerve fibers degenerate. Thus is created the deaf cat with white fur. A deaf cat can still cope well but people need to be aware of the deafness. Our behavior should be modified accordingly. This is an example of where the cat can dictate of modify the behavior of humans. Usually, human behavior dictates the behavior of cats. For an indoor cat a cat's world is entirely the human world.
The Stria vascularis is shown in the following picture published under Wikimedia® creative commons license license = Attribution-ShareAlike License. User: Dicklyon.
Deaf Cat - Source: Tufts' Canine & Feline Breeding and Genetics Conference October 2-4, 2003, Sturbridge, MA
Deaf Cat - Wikipedia Licensing:
Click on this link to see the Wikipedia® License src: Wikipedia® published under GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version, November 2002 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA - - no other conditions to the license are added.
I have a white semi-long haired cat, Henry, who is either deaf or partially deaf. I say partially because he sometimes seems to respond to sounds in the environment. Your article suggests that he can feel sounds in his whiskers too. When I come into the apartment while he is sleeping he is always startled by me. Henry is a very vocal cat. He makes a lot of noises. Other people have mentioned to me that white, deaf cats can vocalize a lot. Do you have any ideas why that is?
ReplyDeleteHi, I'll respond without doing research. As it happens my old lady cat (18+) has it seems gone deaf.
ReplyDeleteShe looks confused and she shouts more. She is startled when I touch her from behind.
Whiskers are very sensitive. They pick up air currents so it is possible that they can "hear" sounds as sound is carried through the air by pressure waves.
As to being more vocal this may simply be because he cannot hear his voice. In not hearing his voice he does not regulate it in the same way he would normally. The same would go for the volume.
Another possibility is that because he is deaf he feels more cut off, isolated and unsure of himself. He meows more to seek reassurance and to connect with others in the home.
These are just instant thoughts. Other ideas would be welcome.
Michael
Hello, we have a white cat named Odin. He has blue eyes. He is deaf. When I had him fixed the vet checked his hearing. He is now 3yrs old and doing fine. I also have his half sister who is 3 months older than him different mother same father. He does yell a bit, which has his sister running to him to see whats up with him, but for the most part he is silent. Though he does seem to watch your body language. He comes to hand jesters. On the plus side he does not run and hide from loud storms or from heavy farm machinery moving down the road or around our home. (Odin doesn't go outside ever.) The white comes from his mother who was white, had yellow eyes and could hear. If he had had 1 or both eyes had been yellow he would have been able to hear. from what I have learned the side that the blue eye is on the ear on the side of the head doesn't have hearing. For some reason PrettyGirl chose Odin out of the litter of 1/2 brothers and sisters, they were all white. They could hear. Hope my input has helped a little. T. A. Sampson
ReplyDelete