If so many plants are toxic to cats, how is it they don't all die in the wild?

Here are some reasons in response to the question in the title:

The question refers to plants in the wild. We don't know how many of them are toxic to cats and in any case not as many as the question in the title suggests (but see below for a short list). This contradicts the implication in the title that many or most are toxic.

But more importantly, there is grass outside and cats favour eating grass and in favouring grass they will ignore eating plants. They understand that grass is okay and safe to eat.

The snow leopard living at high altitude knows through eons of experience and evolution that the Tamarix plant is beneficial to them. I have suggested that it improves their oxygen intact and therefore their performance at high altitude where the air is thin.

Indoor cats might be driven to eating plants which are toxic to cats (most popular indoor plants are toxic) because they instinctively want to eat some vegetation for medicinal reasons but grass is unavailable. Lesson: full-time indoor cats should have access to some grass. I am sure that you can buy it on Amazon! 👍💕.

We are not sure exactly why domestic cats and wild cats like to eat vegetation occasionally. It has medical benefits one of which might be to ingest minute amounts of a vitamin called folic acid which plays an important role in the production of haemoglobin which transports oxygen around the body in the blood.

RELATED: 7 reasons why domesticate cats eat grass

Some experts believe that if cats are deficient in folic acid they'll become anaemic and their growth will suffer.

In the wild domestic and wild cats are able to find grass to eat and will be able to avoid plants that are toxic through experience and probably taste and smell. Cats can detect bitterness to protect from poisons.

Believe it or not, the ASPCA lists 417 varieties of plants that are toxic to cats, as well as 569 that aren’t toxic. While some plants cause mild symptoms, others can be highly dangerous. The lily is particularly hazardous, with all parts of the plant being toxic. However, there are several other plants, both indoors and outdoors, that can harm cats. Here are some common ones:

1. Aloe vera: A succulent with jagged edges.
2. Pothos: A low-maintenance vine.
3. Sago palm: An ancient tropical plant.
4. Dieffenbachia: A tropical foliage plant.
5. Kalanchoe: A flowering succulent.
6. Lily of the valley: Not a true lily.
7. Hyacinth: A bulbous spring flower.
8. Yew: An evergreen conifer.
9. Chrysanthemum: A late-season blooming flower.
10. Poinsettia: A perennial shrub from Mexico.
11. Lilies (true or daylilies).
12. Peace Lily: Not a true lily.
13. Cutleaf Philodendron: A tropical split-leaf plant.
14. Jade Plants: Succulent money plants.
15. Snake Plant: An air-purifying plant.
16. English Ivy: A delicate trailing plant.
17. Oleander: Also known as Jericho rose or rose laurel.
18. Tulip: Another bulbous spring flower.
19. Daffodil: Yet another bulbous spring flower.
20. Bird of Paradise: Two different plants with this name.

Remember, cats are generally cautious and selective about what they eat. While they may occasionally nibble on grass or greens, they primarily rely on animal-based protein. If you suspect your cat has ingested something toxic, consult a veterinarian promptly.

Sources for the second section on this page: RSPCA, Bing, cats.org.uk. rover.com, pdsa.org.uk, the spruce pets and more - plus me! 😎👍

RELATED: Most popular houseplants are all poisonous to cats bar one

RELATED: Plants poisonous to cats (huge list).

-----------

P.S. please forgive the occasional typo. These articles are written at breakneck speed using Dragon Dictate. I have to prepare them in around 20 mins.

Melanism in cats - full discussion

The cat above is a "grizzled" Chausie in cat fancy language or a cat with melanism in more scientific language. She is a silver tipped black Chausie. The cat's name is "Shekinah" and she was raised on Tammy Isaac's Willowind Cattery in South Texas. The photo is copyright protected. The photographer is Helmi Flick.

This post is about melanism in cats. The same principles apply for any form of melanism. Melanism refers to the black pigmentation of melanin.  This pigmentation colors hair, iris of the eye and skin. The pigmentation in the hair, however, is more a very dark, inky, rich bluish/brownish grey as the black coat pattern is still visible as a ghost pattern. Cats that carry the gene mutation that causes melanism are called "melanistic cats". Melanism is caused by a dominant autosomal allele². The same source says that it is caused by an "autosomal recessive gene"⁶. This is conflicting information and shows that science is unsure of the genetic mechanisms involved. The conflict may be due to the fact that a different gene is involved in different cat species.

The opposite effect is albinism, when hair, iris and skin lacks pigmentation altogether.

Melanism may be linked to an added resistance to disease. The following wild cats can be melanistic:

Scottish Wild cat
Indian (Temmincks) Golden Cat
African Golden Cat
Jungle cat (dominant gene melanism, silver tipped)
Jaguar (dominant gene melanism)
Leopard ("black panther")
Cheetah
Caracal
Serval
Lynx
Bobcat
Jaguarundi
Geoffroy's cat
Clouded leopard
Ocelot
Pampas cat (Cincinnati zoo)
Oncilla
Kodkod

Source: messybeast.com

Wild cats

Another phrase that is frequently used specifically for large wildcats is "black panther". Black panthers are melanistic cats. The specific wild cats that this phrase relates to is the jaguar and the leopard (see also: black leopard pictures). These are very similar looking wildcats but they live on different continents. Amongst the wild cats, melanism is most common in jaguars. At one time (incorrectly) black jaguars were considered a separate wild cat species. As mentioned, the pattern is ghosted (see image below). It can rarely refer to the cougar (mountain lion or puma) too. Melanistic pumas are localised or very rare¹. A visitor to PoC claims to have seen a 40 lb black cat in Arizona. And please see: I encountered a seven foot long oily black mountain lion...

Melanistic jaguar showing ghost pattern - photo: by ahisgett

However, there are many other wild cats that are melanistic. Melanism seems to be common in some species of wild cat and less common in others. In addition to the jaguar and leopard mentioned above, the serval, kodkod, jungle cat, Geoffroy's cat and oncilla can be melanistic while it is a rare condition or localised in the Bobcat, clouded leopard (in Borneo only) and cheetah. Apparently melanistic Geoffroy's cats are common. Partially black and melanistic African golden cats have been observed³. As to the Bobcat there were reports of 10 black bobcats in southern Florida⁴. As to the cheetah there is a record of one being sighted in Zambia and one in Kenya⁵. Melanistic servals are found in the Abedare Mountains of Kenya as are also black leopards. Black leopards are also found in the foothills of the Ruwenzoris, the Ethiopian highlands, Congo and South Africa⁶.

Melanistic jungle cat (felis chaus) - Photo by Joachim S. Müller

Domestic Cats

There are some good examples of melanism in domestic cats on PoC. The best is probably the F4 Savannah cat that I photographed at A1 Savannahs called "Midnight".

F4 Savannah cat "Midnight" with melanism - Photo Michael 

Another is the F1 Safari cat (a wildcat hybrid). And heading this post is a black Chausie another wildcat hybrid domestic cat.

Genetics

Information about the genetics behind melanism in cats is very sketchy. I can say this with some confidence because Robinson's Genetics, the premier book on cat genetics, barely refers to it.

Sarah Hartwell on messybeast.com writes:

"Melanism is due to changes in the "agouti" gene which controls blackness (due to bands of colour along the hair shaft). Cats with normal agouti genes have ticked or banded hairs. Cats with 2 copies of the mutated agouti gene have solid colour hairs. In wild species this causes melanism (in domestic cats other genes affect the colour e.g. black, grey, brown). In most cat species, the gene for melanism is recessive to that for normal colour. In jaguars, melanism is a dominant gene."

Clearly the dominant (or recessive) gene that produces melanism causes the pigment, melanin, to be added to hair, skin and iris in a continuous manner at the time that the hair, skin and eyes are being formed. By way of contrast, the agouti gene causes pigment to be added to hair in bands producing the tabby appearance.

Biological melanin is called "eumelanin".

Notes:

1. Wild Cats of the World page 8

2. Foreman GE 1988 Behavioral and genetic analysis of Geoffroy's cat in captivity as referred to in Wildcats of the World page 206.

3. Wild Cats of the World page 247

4. Wild Cats of the World page 186

5. Wild Cats of the World page 21

6.  Wild Cats of the World page 320 (leopard description)



Melanism to Home Page

Cats That Live in Trees

This is a list of cats that live in trees. I am referring to a group of wild cat species, of course. The first sentence should be qualified by saying that no cat species lives in trees all the time. There are wild cats that live in forests and spend time in trees and hunt in trees. These cats also live on the ground (terrestrial cats). All cats are good climbers. Some are better than others. Tree dwelling cats are the best climbers for obvious reasons. They are usually slender and have long tails for balance. The picture of the margay below illustrates this admirably.

These two wild cat species are the best climbers and most associated with tree dwelling:

1. Margay
2. Clouded leopard

Margay resting in a tree, typical behavior - Photo copyright Adriane Taylor
See more of Adriane's work

Other wild cat species that spend time in trees are:

• Ocelet - hunt on the ground, rest in trees and escape to trees
• Leopard cat - likes forest cover and can be "quite arboreal in their habits"¹
• African golden cat  - thought to be arboreal but short tail and stocky body indicates otherwise. More needs to be known about this cat.
• Marbled cat - more arboreal than the average wild cat species.
• Leopard - we have all seen leopards taking prey into trees and resting in trees.

All but one lives in Asia, where logging is destroying their habitat. See cats that like water.

Note: "Arboreal" means: living in trees. (1) Wild Cats of the World.

Margay

This is probably the best feline tree dweller. They tend to prey on other animals living in trees and terrestrial animals. They often feed on birds, rodents, insects and fruit. Yes, fruit. Most of the prey of the margay are nocturnal and arboreal. However, they also hunt on the ground feeding on mice, rabbits and young pacas and agoutis for example.

Lion versus Tiger - Lion Wins

This is a very long, very comprehensive page full of links and information on the once hotly debated subject of lion vs tiger. Please scroll all the way down if you are interested in reading a full treatise on the subject. This page supports the argument that the lion would win. The page was first published in May 2012. I have decided that it needs to be republished almost 10 years later as it is too good to languish at the bottom of the archive. I hope you enjoy it. You will if the fictional lion versus tiger fight (in the wild) interests you.

Updating note: When this was published a couple of years ago (it feels a lot longer) all the links worked but now many are broken. Sorry. But this happens with external links. A lot of sites simply move, delete or archive pages over time. This page remains a useful resource for those researching the lion versus tiger debate.

It is really a hypothetical fight because these two species of big wild cat don't meet unless it is under artificial, human contrived conditions. I have a page on lion vs tiger that is also comprehensive in its own right: Lion vs Tiger. This page has lots more lion vs tiger information and it has been carefully collated and researched.

Except for this introduction by me, the page was written and prepared by Braddah Keala who lives in Hawaii. Thank you Braddah. I think he is the world's expert on the lion vs tiger debate. I think it is fair to say that Braddah favours the lion in a lion versus tiger fight but he is fair in his assessment. You will see that from the large amounts of historical information presented below which favours the lion.

Note: there are many links below. Over the intervening 10 year some have failed which is normal because webpages are deleted from time to time. It remains an excellent body of work nonetheless.

This is what Braddah says:

I think the following information and links are a proven indication that the lion will never be just a push over if the fight is on steady ground. Check these out. I put together my own summary for my personal use of the lion's side, here...It concerns the ideas of  Expert’s, Trainer’s, Tamer’s, Owner’s, Zoologist’s Opinion’s on Lion vs tiger’s... Braddah Keala ^_^ (Hawaii, USA)

Pictures

First, here are some pictures of lions fighting tigers provided by Braddah. I would like to claim fair use for the publication of these pictures here on educational grounds. If anyone has a problem with these pictures being published here please tell me and I'll delete if your arguments are sound. Thank you.

Notes

Then I would like present a list of notes and links provided by Braddah Keala. This is a long page! This shows how comprehensively Braddah has collated the information. Note: over time some of these links will become dead. I can't do anything about that, sorry.

1. Tiger and lion expert Dave Hoover, said lions are the better fighters: http://images.yuku.com.s3.amazonaws.com/image/gif/2c726fd5c00746832d1bff2d2a483ae1a1c6b6b8_r.jpg

2. Indian zooligist Jam Sahib comments on "biased" cat enthusiast Karish Singe and witnesses 4 occasions when lions beat tigers and gives his opinion on lions.
http://i917.photobucket.com/albums/ad19/JinenFordragon/pagetwoju9.jpg

3. Animal trainer and expert Louis Roth, favors the lion over the tiger in a fight. In his book: http://www.worthpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Louis-Roth.jpg

4. Animal expert Alfred Court, thinks the lion wins over the tiger in a fight:
http://www.worthpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Life-With-Big-Cats.jpg

5. Animal trainer John Helliot, favors the lion over the tiger in a fight. He’s the guy on the right hand side of Clyde Beatty who also wrote a lion kill a polar bear article.
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2381/2071380105_d4b400547f.jpg

6. Animal expert Dave Salmoni, says he’d give the edge to a lion in a fight with a tiger.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A64glNYb-NM

7. Animal tamer Clyde Beatty, said lions will win 9/10 against tigers.
http://i277.photobucket.com/albums/kk45/brentlion_2008/brentonlion/books-83.jpg

8. Animal enthusiast and poet Oliver Goldsmith, ranked the lion over the tiger.
http://www.scharlau.co.uk/scharlau.co.uk/prints/images/lions4701.jpg
http://books.google.com/books?id=0axEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA395&lpg=PA395&dq=oliver+goldsmith+lions'&source=bl&ots=g1TAll-5xC&sig=DGi-ZspT444D1ZdbX5jYWUItBO4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oEu7T_L7OaiviALuyoXVDQ&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA

9. Animal expert an tamer Courtney Cooper, said lions usually win more in tiger fights. In her book she state’s LIONS"N"TIGERS"N"EVERYTHING 1924 By Courtney Riley Cooper.
Page 32, I like the tiger cat more than I like the lion cat.
Page 68, lions are "King Of Beasts"
Page 70, lion kills a tiger in a very brutal fight.
Page 78, Cooper says lion is "King Of Beasts" and a good father.
Pages 84-85, FEMALE tiger kills heavier MALE tiger defending her cubs.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-867ud6Wa9NQ/TpV7MZsSYLI/AAAAAAAAnHY/NHhpK6OBdVw/s1600/The%2Bbook%2Bdetails%2Bthe%2Blife%2Bof%2Ba%2Btypical%2Bzookeeper%2Band%2Bhis%2Banimals.jpg

10. Poet an painter an animal enthusiast Geroge Buffon, picked lions over tigers in a fight.
http://www.artprints.com/images/OWP/large/owp9316c.jpg
http://diogenesii.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/404px-buffon_1707-1788.jpg

11. Big cat trainer Jim Chipperfield support’s the lion in a fight with a tiger. {Lion vs tiger Book}
http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51O-3K-LtuL._SL500_AA300_.jpg
http://i277.photobucket.com/albums/kk45/brentlion_2008/lionandtigerlionsuperiorfightingabi.jpg

12. Big cat trainer Edward Jewitt Wheeler, say’s the lion is superior to the tiger. {Lion vs tiger Book}
http://i43.tower.com/images/mm100619524/lion-vs-tiger-isabel-thomas-hardcover-cover-art.jpg
http://i277.photobucket.com/albums/kk45/brentlion_2008/lionandtigerlionsuperiorfightingabi.jpg

13. Big cat tamer Isac Kaufman Funk agrees lions are superior to tigers. {Lion vs tiger Book}
http://i43.tower.com/images/mm100619524/lion-vs-tiger-isabel-thomas-hardcover-cover-art.jpg
http://i277.photobucket.com/albums/kk45/brentlion_2008/lionandtigerlionsuperiorfightingabi.jpg

14. Lion an tiger trainer Willam Seaver Woods, say’s a lion would beat a tiger. {Lion vs tiger Book}
http://i43.tower.com/images/mm100619524/lion-vs-tiger-isabel-thomas-hardcover-cover-art.jpg
http://i277.photobucket.com/albums/kk45/brentlion_2008/lionandtigerlionsuperiorfightingabi.jpg

15. Tiger an lion tamer Arther Stimson Draper, says lions usually win against tigers. {Lion vs tiger Book}
http://i43.tower.com/images/mm100619524/lion-vs-tiger-isabel-thomas-hardcover-cover-art.jpg
http://i277.photobucket.com/albums/kk45/brentlion_2008/lionandtigerlionsuperiorfightingabi.jpg

16. Brother of Isac Kaufman Funk, Wilfred John Funk agrees lions are superior. {Lion vs tiger Book}
http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51O-3K-LtuL._SL500_AA300_.jpg
http://i277.photobucket.com/albums/kk45/brentlion_2008/lionandtigerlionsuperiorfightingabi.jpg

17. Marco Peters a lion and tiger trainer says male tigers are afraid of male lions.
http://i853.photobucket.com/albums/ab95/boldchamp1/boldchamp/Lionusuallywhipsatiger.jpg

18. Big cat expert Alex Kerr goes with a lion in a fight with a tiger.

19. Indian zooligist Kalish Shankala says lions beat tigers due to their manes.
http://i277.photobucket.com/albums/kk45/brentlion_2008/brentonlion/boldchamp/boldchamppics031-1.jpg

20. Sir Frank owner of Bowstock says lions are more dangerous than tigers. http://www.nfa.dept.shef.ac.uk/jungle/index1a1.html

21. Lee Yong Phil zoo keeper says lions dominate tigers.
http://animal-tigers.blogspot.com/2011/02/dominated-by-black-tigers-in-everland.html

22. Frank C. Mendel, professor of pathology, says male lions mostly win in fights with other cats http://medicine.buffalo.edu/content/medicine/faculty/profile.html?ubit=fcmendel

23. Chapter 4 Sajamu, religious dances rein acting of lions that killed and ate tigers. http://www.mask.kr/coding/english/sub08.asp

24. Circus performer and big cat owner Geroge Conklin says in his book the male lion has the advantages over other cat’s
http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/510U7xDeJ3L._SL500_AA300_.jpg

25. Beatty Cole states that lions do kill tigers
http://i853.photobucket.com/albums/ab95/boldchamp1/boldchamp/tamerdaveHoover.jpg

26. Caroll Soo Holl apparently knows lions are capable of killing male tigers
http://i853.photobucket.com/albums/ab95/boldchamp1/boldchamp/Atigerissupposedtowinafightwithalion.jpg

27. Burt Nelson says lions usually whips tigers
http://i917.photobucket.com/albums/ad19/JinenFordragon/books-84.jpg

28. Entire team of Tiger Territory a site that has 200 pages of studying information dedicated to the tiger, has a confirmation that lion’s are superior to tiger’s in fighting…
http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/conflict7.html

29. 1842 animal news article having a trainer of all animals…saying lions were the most dominant animal and feared more above tigers.
http://www.cqout.com/item.asp?id=12636137

30. The menagerie…lions will not stay in the same cage with tigers. "We tried this once, putting a lioness in with a Bengal tiger. There was a fierce fight and the lioness nearly killed the Bengal." Chapter V11 http://www.circushistory.org/History/OnRoad2.htm

31. Caviar and Cabbage by Melvin B. Tolson . Tolson was a professor, poet and writer portrayed by Denzel Washington in The Great Debaters , which is based on a true story from 1935 America. http://www.marcnorton.us/93588/102643.html

32. Sir Samuel W. Baker has carefully compared the strength and other qualities of the lion an tiger and he decides in favor of the lion.
http://www.oldandsold.com/articles35/animals-2.shtml
http://books.google.com/books?id=5XFRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA762&lpg=PA762&dq=sir+samuel+baker+lions+and+tigers+book&source=bl&ots=vytNsXChw7&sig=pbFGbyGmNsYlG4GzpAyy_us2C6o&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5JHBT_XeN4aUiQLH4oHjBw&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAw
-
http://www.hotfreebooks.com/book/Wild-Beasts-and-their-Ways-Sir-Samuel-W-Baker--6.html
 -

Recorded Historical Documents of Lions Killing Tigers

1. Genius books/Animal facts, Lion named Nero killed Tim the tiger in an Australian zoo – Documentary.

2. 1936 Agartala Zoo in Bengal, a lion kills a tiger. (Local news report)

3. 1935 Sikestonians saw a lion kill a tiger in a local town circus act.(Documentary)
http://newspaperarchive.com/danville-bee/1935-09-16/

4. 2 tigers died, In the big cage tiger from a lion-(Video) http://wildanimalelite.yuku.com/topic/307 which Clyde Beatty is talking about lions in general… when they are intermediate family they will gang up on tigers. Other than that lions will not help another lion,

5. 1955 Oct, 6 Natural history society, page 465-468, 3 separate accounts lion won all 3. (Documentary)

6. 1960 Korea pit fights male lions won majority of all fights stated by zoo keeper Lee Young Phil. (Hidden news Report)
http://animal-tigers.blogspot.com/2011/02/dominated-by-black-tigers-in-everland.html

Lee Young Phil said there were a few tiger and lion fights staged and recorded. And only one in which the female tiger fought the lioness was aired… with harsh words by the Korean narrator saying, the lion was no match, yet it was a 50/50 fight with the tiger bleeding to death. Also saying the films were edited an spliced in favor of the tiger, which if there were more than a few male fight’s recorded, why weren't the others ever shown? It is highly concluded the male lion’s won all, and the videos were destroyed due to cultural idealism of the Koreans. Here’s the other alibi to that same fight…
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/HA28Dg01.html

7. 1981 Martin. L Albert witnessed a lion kill a tiger.(Documentary)

8. 1954 Lion kills tiger with one blow in Baltimore Zoo.(Documentary)

9. 1935 In the town Bedford, Massachusetts a zoo lost a tiger to a
lion. (Local news)

10. Gir Forest - 3 tigers vs 3 lions, all lions won. (Video) -Youtube- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBdpiIxMnMM

11. 2011 Korea two teen lions killed a adult Bengal tiger in an enclosure.(Video)- Youtube- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNlRBGq3rmk

12. King Edward the lion kill’s Dan the male tiger. (Book)
animalcreativity.webs.com/12664042-Lion-and-Tiger-Interactions.pdf

13. Calcutta zoological gardens -  a lioness kills a tiger (news article)

14. Gambier Bulton, British menagerie saw a lioness kill a tiger. (news article)

15. 1925 Rudolf Kludsky had said several lions had killed his tigers.

16. M. Herbert’s menagerie lion kills male Royal Bengal tiger. (news article)
http://i853.photobucket.com/albums/ab95/boldchamp1/boldchamp/Lionkillstiger-1.jpg

17. 1970 Pittsburgh press lion kills tiger in India. (video)

18. Mr F. C owner of Bowstock had a lion kill a tiger before his act. (news article)

19. 1949 in Fitchburg a lion kills Roger the male tiger in circus act. (news article)

20. 1851, In the Landshuter Zeitung a lion killed a tiger. (German news article)
http://animalsversesanimals.yuku.com/topic/2388/Velar-Male-Lion-vs-Royal-Bengal-Tiger-valauble-rare-account-

21.1985 Alan Gold’s circus lion kills tiger

22. Lion kills tiger in a circus (February 1951. Detroit).

23. Lioness kills tiger: Happened in a zoo (September 1951. Madras Zoological Gardens).
http://animalsversesanimals.yuku.com/sreply/8061/t/Some-new-accounts-just-for-fun-.html

24.  Dave Hoover 2 tigers killed by lions:
http://i853.photobucket.com/albums/ab95/boldchamp1/boldchamp/Hooverlionsvstigers2.jpg

25. Beatty Cole lions kill 2 tigers:
http://i853.photobucket.com/albums/ab95/boldchamp1/boldchamp/tamerdaveHoover.jpg

26. Clyde Beatty’s circus act Caesar the lion kills Bobby the male
tiger.

27. Bavenna, OH, Lioness kills tigress.

28. 2008 Cheongi the lion kills 50 pound bigger Siberian tigress name Hobi. Jeonju zoo.This is Hobi the tiger before the incident sparing with a friendly lion…
http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/166/748tb0.jpg/
And this is Hobi after the incident with Cheongi the not so friendly lion…
http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/12/117_36355.html

29. 2006 lion's mate kills huge white tigress in Leberic a Czech zoo. There was only one bite mark on Isabella’s throat and no other wounds concluding even though 2 lions occupied the same enclosure with Isbella the tiger, only one lion attacked Isabella.
http://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2009-11-19-Czech-Republic_N.htm

30. Lion kills Puna the male tiger:
http://i277.photobucket.com/albums/kk45/brentlion_2008/brentonlion/Image-81.jpg

31. A lion kills a tiger in a palace of an Indian prince in front of
thousands:
http://i277.photobucket.com/albums/kk45/brentlion_2008/brentonlion/lionvstigerfights.jpg
-
It’s on this site called tiger territory, on lairweb.com here…
http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/

32. TIGER: THE STORY OF THE INDIAN TIGER 1977 By Kailash Sankhala. Saw
on four occasions lions defeating tigers in the wild.
http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51-n1cZ9FyL._SL500_AA300_.jpg
His book was taken from his original text here…
http://bks4.books.google.de/books?id=3_baAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&source=gbs_api

33. Jam Aahib has wittnessed 3 fights each time the lion defeats the tiger in his book here…
http://shared.knights.co.uk/albums/KSAMar12/images/lot0706.jpg
also in his summary when he exploited Keshari Singh he points them out again here…
http://i917.photobucket.com/albums/ad19/JinenFordragon/pagetwoju9.jpg

34. 1834 diary of a lion defeating a tiger.

35. A lion kills a bear and tiger in 1 fight.
http://i277.photobucket.com/albums/kk45/brentlion_2008/brentonlion/books_003-25.png-

Historical Artifacts and Sculptures

These are mostly from museums, portraying the lion winning against the tiger and each has a back story if you care to look them up. Apparently they would have to have seen the incident, to etch it or sculpture it and these are from different people from Rome, to India, to Britain, to China all portraying the same thing the lion winning.

1. http://www.grosvenorprints.com/jpegs/1148.jpg

2. http://www.grosvenorprints.com/jpegs/6445.jpg

3. http://lh4.ggpht.com/_LlfXWxcpJyU/S90EuAIm5pI/AAAAAAAAelY/-5Dy65n0ChI/Fullscreen%20capture%2002052010%20054713.bmp_thumb%5B3%5D.jpg

4. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-b-1ewj--8-U/TcldVkFC2RI/AAAAAAAACrk/4pK2eeykqrE/s1600/The+British+Lion%25E2%2580%2599s+Vengeance+on+the+Bengal+Tiger.jpg

5.http://www.monstermedals.com/ekmps/shops/monstermedals/images/seringapatam-medal-1799-bronze-426-p.jpg

6. http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2162/2327160149_b2c00365d3.jpg

7.http://i917.photobucket.com/albums/ad19/JinenFordragon/4020413334_f726b193eb_z.jpg

8. http://japanantiques.net/japanese-antique-meiji-ox-bone-okimono-male-lion-fighting-a-tiger-on-wood-stand

9.http://c48743.r43.cf3.rackcdn.com/Images/2009_04/08/0003/147355/147355_c40ec03c-3661-4b2e-b4f7-5314cb28b9b4_-1_273.Jpeg

10. http://www.signature-antiquite.com/content/product_2823291b.jpg

11. http://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/dp/web-highlight/DP805844.jpg

12. http://www.huma3.com/repository/reviews/afterdelacroix.jpg

13. http://www.raden-saleh.org/enlionsandtigerfighting.jpg

14. http://ylovebigcats.com/en/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/lion_tiger.jpg

15. http://www.artvalue.com/photos/auction/0/44/44618/slevogt-max-1868-1932-germany-kampf-zwischen-lowe-und-tiger-2088424.jpg

16.http://www.kunstkopie.de/kunst/ferdinand_victor_eugene_delacr/kampf_loewe_tiger_hi.jpg

17. http://www.royalathena.com/media/Under2500/Roman/GMS021.jpg

18. http://www.dargate.com/cat/268/86.jpg

19. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_KfXm6QzlOl4/SX-JaFClajI/AAAAAAAAApQ/m_sqELU4ZGk/s1600-h/lion+statue+cope.jpg

20.http://www.empyraeum-antiquaria.de/ebay/graf/2609_11/2609_5_1.jpg

21.http://www.nypost.com/rw/nypost/2009/05/15/news/photos_galleries/G3061_photo06.jpg

22. http://www.eliteauction.com/catalogues/060411/images/296_1.jpg

23. http://www.simmonsgallery.co.uk/2001site/medals/MB58-Auction-Historical-medals/thumbnails/MB58-135Serial%20Letter%20t.jpg

24. http://www.historytoday.com/sites/default/files/rb_fight.jpg

25.http://www.wildabouttheworld.com/gallery/data//519/medium/LM00831lion-tiger.jpg

26. http://www.tias.com/stores/globe/thumbs/02287a.jpg

27. http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/vintage-1950s-lion-tiger-fighting-figurine-japan

28. http://www.skinnerinc.com/full/927/872927.jpg

29. http://www.art-prints-on-demand.com/kunst/eugene_delacroix/lion_savaging_tiger_hi.jpg

30. http://images2.bridgemanart.com/cgi-bin/bridgemanImage.cgi/400wm.XYC.5860820.7055475/277506.jpg

31. http://prints-4-u.com/store/images/F1431805/F1431805101.jpg

32. http://img.antiquesreporter.com.au/110626BNSY/388.jpg

33.http://liveimages.quicksales.com.au/quicksales/general/classified/gc4686207972357702311.jpg?width=300&height=225&aspect=fitwithin&padcolor=ffffff

34 http://movieart.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/full-darkestafrica-1sh.jpg

35.http://i277.photobucket.com/albums/kk45/brentlion_2008/brentonlion/books_003-63.png

36. http://storage.canalblog.com/22/68/119589/21241443.jpg

37. http://img.carters.com.au/134770-tn.jpg

38. http://rsjohnsonfineart.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Fragonard-to-Feininger-Exhibition-Theodore-Gericault-Combat-of-a-Lion-and-a-Tiger-213x213.jpg

39. http://www.antiquated.co.uk/productimages/2511200674623lion1_th.jpg

40.http://www.christies.com/lotfinderimages/d19958/d1995873r.jpg

41. http://storage.canalblog.com/45/07/119589/74167850.jpg

42. http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/61pwwRAdwJL._SL500_AA300_.jpg

43. http://storage.canalblog.com/79/17/119589/69752062_p.jpg

44. http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/paintings/lions-and-tigers-fighting-over-a-stag-68354

45. http://www.artvalue.com/image.aspx?PHOTO_ID=2978976

46. http://www.antiquesreporter.com.au/index.cfm/lot/496867-a-japanese-bronze-lion-and-tiger-meiji-period-of-a-lion-fighting/
TIGER'S ROAR…
http://inchinapinch.com/hab_pgs/terres/coniferous/images/tiger_roar.mp3
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LION’S ROAR…
http://www.tunghai74.org/forums/movie/MGM-Lion-Roar.mp3

Cultural knowledge - Seyoung lion defeating tiger
http://www.suyeongminsok.or.kr/eng/menu01_02.php

Lion fighting a nian who the tiger couldent.
http://www.sevenstarmantis.co.uk/7.html

Indian folklore has the lion as the ultimate test not tigers.

http://www.wild-india.com/IndianAnimals/indian-lion.html

Lion god’s diplicted by men.
http://home.worldonline.nl/~rlion/lkgode.htm
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http://www.ladyoftheflame.co.uk/Deities.htm

ANATOMY - Power of the lion’s mane

Note from admin: there are some long quotes here from what appears to be old books etc. Once again I claim fair use on educational grounds if the work is still protected by copyright. If anyone wishes text be deleted please contact me and present your argument and I would be pleased to oblige.

Source 1
http://members.aol.com/bhilton665/tanzania.../lion_D1602.jpg
Now both males attack, one grappling with her head as the other bites her stomach. She twists away in pain from the stomach bite. Note the protection offered by the mane on the lion on the left as the female's claws and blows are cushioned by the thick matted fur.

Source 2
http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521...CQQ3Aym9Ef6w2M4
Indeed there are good scientific data that male lions with long manes are more likely to survive and have fewer injuries. The Fetal Matrix: Evolution, Development and Disease By Peter D. Gluckman, Mark Hanson

Source 3
This tiger was captured in India and went against a lion after being in captivity for only few days. Don't tell me that these few days changed the tiger's behavior in which it could not deliver a fatal neck bite. It was the tiger's fight and he knew it. He sprang at the staggering lion, took a fearful chop on the nose without flinching and set his teeth into the African's hairy throat. They wrestled desperately, and the lion's heavy mane saved him from suffocation. Great mouthfuls of long coarse hair catching in the Tiger's teeth not only preventing him from getting a death grip, but so interfered with his with his respiration that he had to release the hold, whereupon the Lion swatted him with a tremendous uppercut and sent him tumbling twenty feet away.

Source 4
http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC0808...male+lions+mane
The lion's mane, not possessed by the female, is evidently such a weapon of defense; it is a excellent means of protection against the bites which the male lions try to inflict on each other's necks when fighting for the females; consequently those males with the strongest manes have the greatest advantage in the sexual struggle. The History of Creation, Or, The Development of the Earth and Its Inhabitants by the Action of natural causes. By L. Dora Schmitz, Sir E Ray Lankester

Source 5
“Down sprang Caesar, determined to seize the offensive, but before he could do so, Bobby had battled his way through Caesar's paws, grabbed his mane so stubbornly that he couldn't move. For the next couple of minutes each struggled and strained for an advantage, but Bobby's hold was so tenacious that they only succeeded in twisting a little. With the cameras continuing to grind and getting nothing but a little harmless tug of war… Energy spent, the exhausted Bobby tried to roll away from Caesar, but Caesar's hold now was as firm as Bobby's which had been on his mane. Seeing this turn in affairs, I dashed into the cage. Already Caesar's jaws had crunched Bobby's neck and when I got there Caesar was shaking Bobby's limp, bloody head and throat from side to side. Bobby's eyes were turning stary. He was dead and it was only two minutes since I had dashed the ammonia into his face. I was keenly sorry that I had done it, but in thinking it over I became convinced that my part had been negligible. The lion is frequently the
superior; he doubtless would have been the winner in this case no matter what I had done.”

Source 6
If so, it is conceivable that a single male lion attacked by a pack of hyenas could reduce injury with the help of its mane. Manes protect males in interaspecific in other species. It may additionally confer advantages by limiting wounding in the neck region. ~Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals By Timothy M. Caro

Source 7
The lion's mane, not possessed by the female, is evidently such a weapon of defense; it is a excellent means of protection against the bites which the male lions try to inflict on each others necks when fighting for the females; consequently those males with the strongest manes have the greatest advantage in the sexual struggle. The History of Creation, Or, The Development of the Earth and Its Inhabitants by the Action of natural causes. By L. Dora Schmitz, Sir E Ray Lankester

Source 8
http://www.krugerpark.co.za/faq-on-lion.html
The mane is also a means of protection to the face and neck during fights between male lions.

Source 9
It causes him to look bigger without increasing his weight or need for food. It also protects him from bites and scratches should he have to fight another male.
http://www.honoluluzoo.org/lion.htm

Source 10
The mane protects the lion from bites to the throat or the neck. http://www.destinybigcats.com/cats/zen.htm

Source 11
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/14.shtml
The mane protects the lion during fights with other males.

Source 12
http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-lion.html
The lion’s thick mane protects his neck against raking claws during fights with other males for membership in the pride.

Source 13
(e.g lion's mane protects him from teeth and claws in a fight).
http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/animalclassif.htm

Source 14
Male lions are the only cats with manes. This collar of long, thick hair covers the head, except the face, and the neck down to the shoulders and chest. The mane makes the male look even bigger and stronger than he is. It also protects him during fights. The long, thick hair softens the blows of his foes.  Schaller, George B. "Lion." World Book Encyclopedia. 2002 ed. The best naturalist of the 20th century said that.

Source 15
On the open savannah, a lion's mane advertises his maleness from a great distance. To enhance his mane, a lion will do the "lion strut": tip-toeing on front legs, erect body and tail. The mane also protects against claws and teeth in male combat.
http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Afric...serve-BR-1.html

Source 16
A male lion's mane is designed to protect the animal from attacks from other lions. It apparently also works with hand grenades as well. Marjan's neck and chest were spared serious injury, but his face was badly mutilated by the blast.
http://www.lionlmb.org/lion/marjan.html

Source 17
The most distinctive feature of the male lion is its mane, a collar of long, thick fur. An adolescent male's mane will begin to grow at 18 months, after which it will continue to grow and darken until the age of five. A visual indicator of gender and power, the mane also serves to protect the lion's neck from other lions.
http://www.pbs.org/edens/etosha/lion.htm

Source 18
The mane helps protect the lion’s neck during fighting and make him appear larger to competitors.
http://www.alltooflat.com/pranks/lion/factsheet.html

Source 19
Their mane serves a number of purposes: a) it identifies him as a mature male to other lions, even at a distance b) it gives an appearance of increased size with little weight cost c) the condition of the mane conveys the level of health and vigour to female lions d) it can help protect the head and neck area in fights with other lions.
http://www.wildcatconservation.org/faq.shtml
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Source 20
Samantha Stephens, says the lions mane might not make a big difference, but it might be that crucial amount of difference.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FK9etg51Do8

Source 21
“When one animal attacks another, he seems to know by instinct. He strikes for the neck for a quick kill. Nature seems to have provided the lion with a defensive covering -- a mane to protect the neck area.” ~The Lion in Fact and in Fiction

Source 22
“The mane is strictly a male attribute and gives lion’s their majestic aura… It acts almost like a fencing mask, absorbing paw swipes aimed at the head and necks during fights between rivals. When mane’s grow to big for both rival’s, the fight can last up to hour’s due to the mane protecting the main arterie’s, little to nothing can be done to male’s who have mane’s that grown larger than others for it’s main reason is for combat .”
~The Art of Being a Lion

Source 23
The mane plays an important role in the lion’s life. While a long mane that blows easily in the wind may be difficult to hide when hunting an alert zebra, it is a distinct advantage in defense… That same mane gives his neck a good bit of protection in case the intruder does not turn away and chooses to challenge the resident lion for his position.
~The Last Big Cats An Untamed Spirit

Source 24
Male lions are larger than females and possess a voluminous mane which contrast with the sleek pelage on other parts of the body… The distinctive colors and sizes of manes may also help animals to identify individuals. An important secondary function of the mane is one of protection during fights. The dense mat of hair absorbs blows and harmlessly tangles claws in a part of the body towards which most social contact is directed; bites too, may leave an opponent with a mouth full of hair rather than skin. ~The Serengeti Lion A Study of Predator-Prey Relations Wildlife Behavior and Ecology series.

Source 25
There is no direct evidence, but if we examine the probabilities in the case of a confrontation between the two some inferences can be drawn. In a fight would de unable to get close to the vital joint of a lion’s neck because of his thick mane, but the tiger is vulnerable to the lion. The film showed that the tiger was at an immediate disadvantage. Tigers use a throat grip as their primary means of killing and the lion's thick protective mane prevented the tiger gaining a hold on the throat joint. On the other hand, the tiger had no special protection, so was vulnerable to attack. In this fight, the tiger was killed. In any inter-species confrontation lions would also have the advantage of the who pride. But in my opinion a tiger is no match even for a single lion of equal strength. In any inter-species confrontation lions would also have the advantage of support from members of the whole pride. But in my opinion a tiger is no match even for a single lion of equal strength. Tiger! The Story of the Indian Tiger, by Kailash Sankhala.

Source 26
Now, as to a lion and tiger, I should say that the tiger is the more powerful of the two. At the same time, it is more cowardly, has more of the slinking nature of the cat, and is more treacherous. I believe I’m fully qualified to state, as I’ve had them both on me. I bear the teeth marks of a lion that shut his jaws tight on my legs. But it isn’t the teeth of the big cats trainers fear so much. It is the claws, being hooked, tear out the flesh and sinew as they are withdrawn. When a lion goes at a trainer he starts right towards him, with no subterfuge, mouth open and tail as stiff as a poker. A tiger cringes and crawls until he makes his spring. In a fair fight it would be hard to guess which animal would come off victor, and much would depend, I think on the one that got the first good hold. The lion also is protected around the neck by the heavy mane, which is an advantage. ~George Conklln, “Adventures With a Circus”
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Impressive Lions

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PM6MBOuxLCg/Tb956dCU5tI/AAAAAAAAAG4/vPddL249EQI/s640/_MG_3094xx.jpg
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http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_df34ArpTKaI/TIF7UnedEFI/AAAAAAAABqw/2hGdkVQ1Lks/s400/IMG_5084.JPG
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http://akbari694.persiangig.com/image/Lions.jpg
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http://lh3.ggpht.com/-0CDiNzk-Abw/SoBHskfwq-I/AAAAAAAAADQ/Oz88Up96LUo/510104810_28a0184381.jpg
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http://photos.zoochat.com/large/img_59574-169067.jpg
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http://ll-images.veoh.com/image.out?imageId=media-v14693877hspwqS2Z1215042182.jpg
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http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3009/2969603145_a7f5ae953e_z.jpg
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http://www.swotti.com/tmp/swotti/cacheYMFYYMFYESBSAW9UT3ROZXJZLU90AGVYCW==/imgBarbary%20Lion4.jpg
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http://theamericantrail.org/images/image028.jpg
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http://i32.tinypic.com/20i74gn.jpg
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http://i29.tinypic.com/kar94x.jpg
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http://i27.tinypic.com/vzej3p.jpg
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http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_df34ArpTKaI/TIF7z2T2XnI/AAAAAAAABrI/F1PVWIgVWHM/s400/IMG_5086.JPG
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http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5221/5665500117_cc7dcb0103.jpg
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http://www.leeroo.com/images/516_splashimage.jpg
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http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2516/3729344892_b5e726b5c7_z.jpg?zz=1
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http://dingo.care2.com/pictures/c2c/share/67/676/642/676423_370.jpg
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http://www.hdw-inc.com/lionbarbarytoo.jpg
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Panthera_leo_persica_Nuremberg_Zoo.JPG
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http://photos.zoochat.com/large/barbary_lion-147729.jpg
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http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VQ3Spn_tZh0/T1AUkjJgJtI/AAAAAAAACeQ/o8wz4Rs7T7w/s1600/lion.jpg
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http://www.barbarylion.com/images/design_elements/insideimage.jpg
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http://www.barbarylion.com/rocky.jpg
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- 900 pound lion
http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19630112&id=l9YeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=n2UEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4456,2398849
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800 pound lion named ponto fight’s off 2 tiger’s
http://newspaperarchive.com/oakland-tribune/1959-03-27/
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826 pound lion named simba
http://i1017.photobucket.com/albums/af291/KingOfEurope/45yedsdy.jpg?t=1306200659
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800 pound lion named mubasa
http://www.kansastravel.org/britspaughzoo.htm
http://www.thirdage.com/humor/800-pound-lion-receives-root-canal-video
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826 pound lion
http://junglephotos.com/africa/afanimals/mammals/lionnathist.shtml
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800 pound lion attack’s tarzan
http://www.tzproductions.com/index.php/history
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2… 800 pound lion’s 1 named Prince an 1 named clarence
http://mfinley.com/tumor/bt-bwana-mike.htm
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Lion kill’s bear’s
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http://shaggygod.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=felidaeannex&action=display&thread=798&page=3
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1.1902 lion named Roosevelt killed Peary the polar bear.

2.John Heliot’s circus lion named Brutus kills polar bear.

http://i27.photobucket.com/albums/c172/ScottBanks/lionkillspolarbear.jpg

3. lion kills polar bear 1955 By Alfred Court.[Book]Pages 131-132,
http://www.worthpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Life-With-Big-Cats.jpg

4. lion kills polar bear Louis Roth, forty years with jungle killers,
[Book] page 204-205.
http://www.worthpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Louis-Roth.jpg

5.1893 Pezon in limoges, Leo the lion kills polar bear

6.Boltimore the lion kills Russian grizzly
http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/265/sdffti0.jpg/

7. Lion stale mate’s enormous grizzley bear
THE OAKLAND TRIBUNE APRIL 1, 1895 "A DRAW" PARNELL FIGHTS A BIG BEAR.
THE LOS ANGELES TIMES APRIL 2, 1895 "BRUIN THROWS LEO

8. Lion kills Bruin the grizzly bear
http://www.pictures-of-cats.org/images/lion-vs-bear.gif

9.http://i277.photobucket.com/albums/kk45/brentlion_2008/brentonlion/books_003-25.png

Roman Arenas

• http://www.archeoguida.it/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ludi-gladiatori-Parte-III-Foto-2.jpg
• http://www.poster.net/straet-jan-van-der/straet-jan-van-der-alexander-the-great-puts-on-a-spectacle-plate-4-from-venationes-ferarum-avium-piscium-1175221.jpg
• http://voyagesenduo.com/italie/images/rome/rome_antique_image1116.jpg
• http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/683/venationes.jpg/
• http://www.uibk.ac.at/klassische-archaeologie/Institut/Diplomarbeiten/Lehar03.jpg
• http://www.mmdtkw.org/06-03-06VenationesSlide.jpg
• http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/thumbnail/197204/1/Noblemen-Watch-Combat-Of-Wild-Beasts-In-An-Indoor-Circus,-Plate-12-From-Venationes-Ferarum,-Avium,-Piscium-Of-Hunting-Wild-Beasts,-Birds,-Fish-Engraved-By-Jan-Collaert-1566-1628-Published-By-Phillipus-Gallaeus-Of-Amsterdam.jpg
• http://www.antiquemaps-fair.com/images/medium/i_134/PC030021g.jpg

Caspian tiger's closest genotype, were Siberian tigers by only a fraction off their DNA. So in term's scientist have concluded, they were imported from Siberia and fought with the Barbary lion.

There's only one source of all the story's that has branched out for a victory of the tiger's side, over the lion in the gladiator event's. It was a man named Martial Peters who saw a tiger kill a lion in the arena. Every time you here tiger's invaribly won, or the tiger won is manipulated to have been every match... but every one unbeknownst they are only quoting Martial Peters, but they ignore his what he says  that it was very unexpected and it was a rarity to see a tiger win, meaning lions were usally the dominant animal. That's absolutely the only account on hand that date's that far back for the tiger's side, which were blown out of porportion's of claiming that was the usual outcome.

On the other hand there are over 15 historical artifacts an over 10 remnants and scriptures, that explain the lion was the usual victor in the gladitorial events here...

1. “Next, the arena was lowered to feature combat between them as lions tore apart tigers, and went up against bears, leopards against wolves. It goes without saying that the Romans had never heard of animal rights.” ~Ken Spiro; WorldPerfect
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2. “The amphitheatre had grown so still, that the clear melody of the flute was distinctly audible over the whole vast space. As soon as the disturbance ceased, the king of the beast, apparently untroubled by the new visitor, returned to his food. But the cowardice, peculiar to nocturnal beasts in the daylight, awoke in the tiger. He beheld in the shrieking multitude friends of the flute-player, and seeing the lion eating, seized the nearest piece of meat. But with a single bound the lion sprang forward, roaring loudly, to defend his property. The
tiger’s claws clutched the lion’s and a fierce struggle began. The lion aimed terrible blows at his antagonist, which the tiger avoided with marvelous skill; the tiger’s teeth seized the lion’s mane, but at the same instant the latter tore off with his claws from the upper
part of the tiger’s head half the skin, from which an eat and a broad trail of blood upon the sand, the tiger returned to his cage, where he howled piteously. The grating was raised, and soon only a faint whining was audible. Either the animal was dying, or the keepers had
stupefied him to be able to cure him. The lion stood fiercely over his prey, which no one now disputed.” ~Antinous; a Romance of Ancient Rome
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The Memoirs of Cleopatra
3. “They took on tigers, bears, bulls, and wild boars. Usually the lion won. page 284”
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4. "Another subspecies very closely related to the Asian lion - the
Barbary lion or Panthera leo leo - became extinct in the wild in 1922
(in Morocco). This animal the Barbary lion had been the dominant
animal in the blood sports of the Roman arenas."
~Martin Seyer's dissertation (synopsis), Vienna University.
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5. Tiger territory, AKA lairweb .com has stated tiger's were reluctant
to enter combat as much as lion's greeted foe's in the arena, also
proven in same concept of everland's video's how male lion's show high
agression at time's an drive off tiger's proclaiming there natrual
dominant trait's.

6. An half way down, in this archive here, they state roman's cheered
when lion's tore apart tiger's...
http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/jewishimpactontheworld/

Cheer's mate, I'm having a few beer's an I was just blasting this song
I found... if you have a kicken sound system that has alot of bass an
treble and can really sub out like really loud... than you'll really
like this song...
http://suzann.com/music/_overlay/year.mp3
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A' Hui Ho,  Malama' Pono
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Which mean's in Hawaiian= Take care, until we meet again. ^_^